Bibliography

(1) A Collection of Thirty Thousand Names of German Immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776. Prof. L. Daniel Rupp. Published by Genealogical Publishing Co. Inc. 1985. Pg. 273 & 379. 974.8 w2ra

(2) The Cashman Surname In America. Arthur Weaner & William F. Shull. 1957. Forward & Part II Jacob Martin Cashman. Microfilm available at the Family History Library in SLC.

(3) “18th Century Pennsylvania German Naming Customs & Patterns.” Charles F. Kerchner, Jr. http://www.kerchner.com/germname.htm

(4) Notices by German and Swiss Settlers seeking information of members of their families, Kindred, or friends 1742 – 1761. Anita L. Eyster. Pg. 16 & 21 FHL 974.8 A1 #526

(5) Age calculated from the fact he was too young to be required to sign the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown in 1752 which males 16 and older were required to do upon arriving in Pennsylvania, but he was old enough to marry and have his first child born in 1756, according to church records of the Moselem Church in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Using this calculation, Johan Martin Kirschman was born about 1737.

(6) “Scratching on German Branches.” Ancestry Magazine, 3/4/2006. Vol. 25.2

(7) http://www.progenealogists.com/palproject/pa/1748edin.htm

(8) “Pennsylvania Co. Formation Maps.” http://www.familyhistory101.com/maps/pa_cf.html

(9) The Story of Berks County Pennsylvania. A.E. Wagner, F. W. Balthaser & D.K. Hoch. Published by Eagle Book & Job Press. 1913 Pg. 99,
http://books.google.com/books?id=FVQVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=Moselem+Church+in+Richmond+Pennsylvania&source=bl&ots=Yy0C2FQR1A&sig=UCDePBRtBPaYuI91pUlaJG8bA0g&hl=en&ei=KFN3SsrfPIqmNsHf8LAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false

(10) The county of Lunenburg is named for the former Duchy of Brunswick-Lunenburg in Germany. The Scotch-Irish and Pennsylvania Dutch migrated from Philadelphia into the eastern Shenandoah Valley, and converted hunting trails and Indian paths into wagon roads good enough to freight agricultural products back to Philadelphia. Perhaps this is what drew Mr. Kirschmann and Catharina to Virginia.

(11) “Toms Creek Hundred: The Wild Frontier.” John Miller. http://www.emmitsburg.net/archive_list/articles/history/rev_war/wild_frontier.htm

(12) Genealogy of the Claycomb(e) Family. Mary Alice Claycombe Adney. 1985. Pg. 3

(13) “American Revolutionary War.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War

(14) Fort Frederick, Maryland. http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands/ftfrederickhistory.html

(15) History and Legend of Breckinridge County, Kentucky. Bill Thompson. Pg. 11-12 & 51
FHL 976.9254 H2t

(16) First Steps: Colonial Routes to Kentucky and Tennessee. http://www.lineages.com/InfoCenter/FirstSteps/colonialroutes.cfm
Routes from Philadelphia and Maryland to KentuckyPeople leaving Philadelphia for Kentucky faced an 800 mile journey by way of the Cumberland Gap. They departed Philadelphia and traveled due west to Lancaster, Pennsylvania before turning south to York and Wadkin's Ferry on the Potomac River to reach Martinsburg (presently in Berkeley County, West Virginia). Continuing south, they forged ahead to Winchester (presently in Frederick county, Virginia), where they began to follow the Great Trading Path, a trail that had been used for untold generations by Indian traders. Following that path, they continued down the Shenandoah Valley through New Market and Staunton, and then moved further south across the western end of the James River to Fincastle. From there the path started to angle in a southwesterly direction at Fincastle through Draper's Meadows and on to the outpost called Fort Chiswell. Fort Chiswell consisted of a crude block-house built in 1758 during the French and Indian War at the junction of the Richmond Road and the Great Trading Path at the headwaters of the New River (presently near the Virginia-North Carolina border in Grayson County, Virginia). The Cumberland Gap was 200 miles away through the roughest and most dangerous part of the journey. The river trip from English's Ferry in the town New River to Fort Chiswell consisted of approximately 30 miles. .The Great Trading Path pushed further west to Shelby's Station and across the Holstein and Clinch rivers, then down Powell's Valley to the Cumberland Gap. The valley is formed by Powell Mountain on the southeast and the Cumberland Mountain on the northwest. Once through the Cumberland Gap, travelers moved up into Kentucky via the Wilderness Road to Logan's Station, Harrod's Town, Boonesborough, and Boone's Station. Warrior's Path began on the west side of the Cumberland Gap and went northeast to the Ohio River….

(17) Migration Route/The Cumberland Gap. http://www.bransoncook.systemaxonline.com/narratives/migration/migration1.htm
The Cumberland GapThe Cumberland Gap, which measures 1,304 feet in altitude, is a natural passage through the Cumberland Mountains where Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia meet. It is one of three natural breaks in the rugged Appalachian Mountain range. If the journey was not treacherous enough, there was also the occasional massacre by renegade natives. During the summer and fall of 1784, more than 100 travelers were killed on the Kentucky side of the gap (when Balser Claycomb and Adam Barr were returning to Virginia). Like the ill-fated Donner Party, travelers had to abandon wagons full of household necessities in bad weather to travel the narrow gap by foot or horse. In 1796 The Gap was widened to allow Conestoga Wagons through to lands west, and was named the Wilderness Road having seen as many as 200,000 travelers, including Abraham Lincoln's parents and grandparents as they emigrated west.

This narrative and the research conducted by Cheryl Osborn was made possible by Mr. Tim Cashman so that all descendants of Johan Martin Kirschmann may know "from whence they came."